J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2002; 14(1) pp 13-15
Sensitivity
and Resistance of antibiotics in common infection of male and female
Rukhshan
Khurshid*, Mubbashir A Sheikh, Sabiha Karim**, Farida Munnawar* and Humairah
Wyne***
Departments of *Biochemistry, **Pharmacology and ***Physiology, Fatima Jinnah Medical College, Lahore and Department of Pathology, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center, Karachi, Pakistan
Background:
There is increasing concern regarding antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan.
Data are limited on the prevalence, pattern of resistance and risk factors
associated with resistant organisms. This Study was done to address these
issues as they relate to common infection of male/female. Methods: Different clinical materials collected from 100 patients
admitted in hospital or who attended out door clinic were used.
Antibiotics like Enoxabid, Fortum, Ceporex, Klaricid, Maxaquin, Zenacef,
Ceporexin, Urixin, Septran, Keflex, Erythrocine, vibramycin and tetracycline
were used for culture sensitivity. Results:
It was observed that most of the pus specimens received are from females and
urine specimens from males. Specimen
of pus contains mostly Staph aureus, Urine specimen contain mostly E.coli
whereas Pseudomonas pyrogenosa and proteases were also observed in urine, pus,
sputum and ascitic/pleural fluids of patients. Among all drugs that were used,
Enoxabid, Ceporex were vary sensitive against strains of Staph and Pseudomonas
present in specimen. Strains of proteases were resistant against these drugs.
Urixin and Septran show mixed action. In comparison of Enoxabid, Ceporex and
Ceporexin, Zenocef and Fortum show sensitivity in fewer cases of Staph and
E.coli. Mexaquin shows a good
sensitivity against Pseudomonas and E.coli. It was observed that Septran,
Erythrocine, Vibramycin, Tetracyclin, Klaracid and Keflex are not very good
acting drugs in infection of urine, pus, sputum and fluids. Finding of a low
but definite level of resistance to septran, erythrocine, Vibramycin,
Tetracyclin, Klaracid and Keflex is important for selection of empiric therapy
for infection.
Introduction
An
ideal antibiotic exhibits selective toxicity against microorganism. Mechanisms
of antibiotic action are not completely understood. However they may inhibit cell wall synthesis, alter
permeability of cell membrane, inhibit protein synthesis or nucleic acid
synthesis.
Initial
step in the drug action is the binding to cell receptor as various receptors
may possess different affinities for drugs and each may mediate a different
mode of action1.
Susceptibility of bacteria to beta lactum antibiotics depends on
various structure and functional characteristics. In order to reach receptor
the drug must permeate the outer layer of cell envelope.
In gram –ve bacteria, there is an outer phospholipid membrane that
may hinder passage of these drugs. It
is observed that hydrophobic drug like ampicillin, amoxacillin may pass more
readily than penicillin. In gm +ve
bacteria, phospholipid membrane is lacking and its barrier function is absent2.
Most of the beta lactamase are under the gene control of plasmid. Such gene bearing plasmids are wide spread among
staphylococci and enteric gram –ve rods.
These bacteria produce beta lactamase ring that inactivates some
penicillin by breaking beta lactum ring.
Some bacteria may be insusceptible to the killing action of autolytic
enzyme in cell wall and not activated like staphylococci and streptococci.
Such tolerant ones are inhibited but not killed3.
There
is an increasing concern regarding antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan. Data
are limited on the prevalence, pattern of resistance and risk factors
associated with resistant organisms. This study was done to address these
issues as they relate to common infection of male/female.
Pathogenic
organisms are most likely to be isolated from sputum, wounds, urinary tract,
ascitic and pleural fluids etc. Clinical material collected from 100 patients
admitted in hospital or who attend out door clinic was used. Antibiotics like Enoxabid, Fortum, Ceporex, Klaricid,
Maxaquin, Zenacef, Ceporexin, Urixin, Septran, Keflex, Erythrocine, vibramycin
and tetracycline used for culture sensitivity.
Media for growth of microorganisms was Blood culture plates where 2% nutrient agar was mixed with sheep blood in a ratio of 20:14. Media used for culture sensitivity was 2% nutrient agar. Sensitivity of different strains were checked by streaking overnight cultures onto nutrient agar having different concentrations ranging from 25ug/ml to 1000ug/ml of antimicrobial drug4.Gram Staining was carried out by using crystal violet and iodine4.
The results of this study are given in tables 1-3.
|
Specimen |
Male |
Female |
|
Pus |
5 |
16 |
|
Urine |
51 |
16 |
|
Sputum |
5 |
3 |
|
Fluids (Ascitic/pleural) |
6 |
1 |
|
Organisms |
Urine |
Pus |
Sputum |
Fluids |
|
Staph.
Aureus |
6 |
45 |
6 |
1 |
|
E.coli |
16 |
5 |
1 |
3 |
|
Ps.pyrogen |
3 |
11 |
1 |
- |
|
Proteus.
Mirabilis |
2 |
10 |
- |
2 |
Antibiotics |
Sensitivity
to Organisms |
Resistant
Organisms |
Specimen |
|
Enoxabid |
Staph,
Pseudmonas |
Proteases |
Pus |
|
Ceporex |
Staph,
Pseudomonas |
Proteases |
Pus |
|
Ceporexin |
Mixed
action |
Pseudomonas.
Proteases, Staph |
Pus |
|
Urixin |
Mixed
action |
Pseudomonas,
Proteases, |
Pus
& Fluid |
|
Septran |
Not
good sensitivity |
Pseudomonas,
Proteases, Staph & E.coli |
Pus,
Urine, Sputum and Fluids |
|
Zenocef |
Sensitive
in many cases against Stpah & E.coli |
Pseudomonas,
Proteases |
Pus
& Urine |
|
Fortum |
Sensitive
in many cases against Staph & E.coli |
Pseudomonas |
Urine |
|
Erythrocine |
Not
a good sensitivity |
Pseudomonas,
Proteases, & Staph |
Pus,
Urine |
|
Vibramycin |
Not
a good sensitivity |
Psedomonas,
Proteases & Staph |
Pus,
Urine |
|
Tetracyclin |
Not
a good sensitivity |
Pseudomonas,
Proteases, & Staph |
Pus,
Urine |
|
Klaracid |
Not
a good sensitivity |
Pseudomonas,
Proteases, & Staph |
Pus,
Urine |
|
Keflex |
Not
a good sensitivity |
Pseudomonas,
Proteases, & Staph |
Pus,
Urine |
|
Mexaquin |
Good
sensitivity against Pseudomonas & E.coli |
Proteases
& Staph |
Pus |
Most of the pus specimens were received from females while urine specimens were from males (may be due o poor hygiene in males). Pus specimens were received from wounds of female mostly admitted in Gynae and Obstetic ward. It was thought5 that contamination of wound sites may be due to surgical handling of excised tissue or may be due to hygiene problems. It was reported6 that genital chlamydial infection is a common sexually transmitted infection that is often asymptomatic, but associated with long term morbidity in a sizeable proportion of women.
Table 2 shows that specimen of pus contained mostly Staph aureus, Urine specimens contained mostly E.coli whereas Pseudomonas pyrogenosa and proteus mirabilis were also observed in urine, pus, sputum and ascietic/pleural fluids of patients. As less specimens of sputum and fluid were received so we cannot be sure about their organism and drugs.
Table 3 shows resistance against microorganisms like Staph, Pseudomonas, Proteases and E.coli. It was observed that among all drugs used, Enoxabid, Ceporex are very sensitive against strains of Staph and Pseudomonas present in specimen. These show resistance against strains of proteases. Urixin and Septran show mixed action i.e in some cases these are sensitive and in others there is resistance. It was thought1 that it may depend on the exposure of person to drugs or it may be possible that patient do not complete the antibiotics course. A study7 concluded that antibiotics do not enter the lactamase ring of organisms.
In comparison to Enoxabid, Ceporex and Ceporexin, Zenocef and Fortum show sensitivity in fewer cases of Staph and E.coli. Mexaquin shows good sensitivity against Pseudomonas and E.coli. It was observed that Septran, Erythrocine, Vibramycin, Tetracyclin, Klaracid and Keflex are not very good acting drugs in infection of urine, pus, sputum and fluids.
A group of workers reported8 that most of antibiotics are inactive or weakly active against Eukaryotic ribosome especially E.coli. They observed that Aminoglcosides, a group of structurally related antibiotics bind to rRNA in small subunit of prokaryotes. Another group observed9 that a small percentage of children/adults seen in private practice of European countries who have apparent viral respiratory tract infection with sore throat are group of a ß hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) carrier. Penicillin treatment of acute GABHS tonsillo pharyngitis results in higher GABHS carriage rate that was treated with cephalosporin and macrolides. It was reported10 that selective antimicrobial pressure and multiple admission to hospital were among the risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance. Finding of a low but definite level of resistance to Septran, Erythrocine, Vibramycin, Tetracyclin, Klaracid and Keflex is important for selection of empiric therapy for infection. It was thought11 that long term use of these resistant antibiotics might cause agranulocytosis that may lead to fatal diseases such as leukopenia or leukemia. Long term use of resistant antibiotic may also suppress host bacteria or increase growth of pathogens that may result in further complications.
Role
of first line agents in the treatment and prevention of urine/wound and other
infection require reexamination, particularly in women/men who have received
antimicrobial therapy.
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